Zone of Proximal Development (Definition + Examples)

Think about all of the skills that you want to learn. Maybe you want to learn how to build your own house. At the moment, you have minimal experience building. You can read a blueprint and use basic hand tools but wouldn’t even know where to begin building a house.  So how do you get … Read more

Piaget's Theory of Moral Development (4 Stages + Examples)

How does a child distinguish between right and wrong? Let’s suppose Tom was told by his parents not to eat any cookies from the cookie jar, but he really wanted to have one. Tom may decide not to take a cookie because he will get into trouble. What if he is very hungry? Would it … Read more

Integrity vs Despair (Psychosocial Stage 8)

Life expectancy has significantly risen since 1950, jumping from an average of 68 years to 79 years today. This increase has profound implications for our understanding of Erikson’s final stage of psychosocial development, “Integrity vs. Despair.” With over a decade added to our lives, individuals now have an extended period to reflect upon their past, … Read more

Generativity vs Stagnation: Psychosocial Stage 7

What legacy do you want to leave behind? It’s okay if you don’t know yet. According to German psychologist Erik Erikson, a person really starts to think about their legacy between the ages of 40-60. During this stage of a person’s life, they enter a crisis: generativity vs. stagnation. What Is Generativity vs. Stagnation? Generativity … Read more

Intimacy vs Isolation: Psychosocial Stage 6

There is an epidemic that has been affecting people around the world. It’s an epidemic that just won’t seem to go away. It’s the loneliness epidemic. It sounds dramatic to call loneliness an “epidemic,” but research on loneliness and health is pretty shocking. Some experts equate loneliness to smoking 15 cigarettes a day. People experience loneliness … Read more

Identity vs Confusion: Psychosocial Stage 5

Have you ever heard the term “identity crisis?” Maybe you’ve observed a friend go through an identity crisis after getting fired from a job or dropping out of school. Looking back on your teenage years, you might feel as though you went through an identity crisis yourself. This term might seem dramatic or have a … Read more

Industry vs Inferiority (Psychosocial Stage 4)

In 2017, a study showed that girls start to doubt their abilities in math and science as early as age six. There is very little difference in the abilities between boys and girls, but certainly a difference in confidence. As early as six, stereotypes about gender begin to set in. Why? These children are going … Read more

Initiative vs Guilt (Psychosocial Stage 3)

Have you ever heard someone tell a new mom that 3 or 4 was a “fun age?” If you have kids, cousins, or siblings at that age, you know it’s true. Kids are becoming more independent and fun between the ages of 3-5. Erik Erikson called this time in a person’s life the “Play Age.” … Read more

Autonomy vs. Shame: Psychosocial Stage 2

Erik and Joan Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development that outline each person’s crises. The second psychosocial stage is autonomy vs. shame, also known as autonomy vs. shame and doubt.  What Is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?  Autonomy vs. Shame is the second psychological crisis a child experiences in their psychosocial development. The first … Read more

Trust vs Mistrust (Psychosocial Stage 1 Examples)

Erik Erikson’s work with psychosocial development has broken down the different stages of social interaction and how they affect a child’s personality, outlook, and virtues. That crucial first stage of psychosocial development can impact your life past infancy or adolescence. What Is Trust Vs. Mistrust? The first stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development is Stage … Read more